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Podstatná jména

Stejně jako většina slovanských jazyků mají podstatná jména v mezislovanštině tři gramatické rody (mužský, ženský, střední), dvě čísla (jednotné, množné) a sedm pádů (nominativ, akuzativ, genitiv, dativ, instrumentál, lokativ, vokativ). Vokativ, používaný pro přímé oslovení osoby nebo předmětu, není ve skutečnosti skutečným pádem, protože se chová výrazně odlišně od ostatních pádů: existuje pouze v jednotném čísle mužských a ženských podstatných jmen, nikdy neovlivňuje přídavná jména ani zájmena a nemá nic společného se syntaktickou strukturou věty.

Dlouhým a složitým paradigmatům je třeba se vyhnout, ale nemůžeme se vyhnout rozlišování mezi několika různými slovními třídami. V zásadě má mezislovanština tři deklinace:

  • První deklinace zahrnuje všechna podstatná jména mužského rodu končící na souhlásku a podstatná jména středního rodu končící na -o nebo -e.
  • Druhá deklinace zahrnuje všechna podstatná jména ženského rodu na -a.
  • Třetí deklinace všechna podstatná jména ženského rodu na souhlásku.
  • Volitelná čtvrtá („atematická") deklinace je probrána níže.

Within the first declension, we distinguish between three types. This difference affects only the nominative, the accusative and the vocative:

  • Masculine animate (animals and male persons): the accusative is always identical to the genitive
  • Masculine inanimate (all remaining masculine nouns): the accusative is always identical to the nominative
  • Neuter: the nominative, accusative and vocative are always identical

Another distinction is made between hard and soft declension patterns. Soft stems are stems ending in š, ž, č, c, j, lj or nj. As a rule, after a soft stem the -o and -y of the ending become -e, the -ě becomes -i.

The basic endings are displayed in the tables below. The forms between brackets are used after soft stems. Zero endings are marked with -Ø:

I skloňováníIIIII
m.r.
(životné)		m.r.
(neživotné)		s.r.ž.r.
1. pád-Ø-o (-e)-a-Ø
4. pád-a-Ø-u
2. pád-a-y (-e)-i
3. pád-u-ě (-i)-i
7. pád-om (-em)-oju (-eju)-ju
6. pád-u-ě (-i)-i
5. pád-e (-u)-o (-e)-o-i

In the dictionary, only the gender of words is given. For that reason the examples below are grouped by gender and not by declension.

Declension of masculine nouns​

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Virtually all masculine nouns end in a consonant. Basically, there is only one declensional pattern for masculine nouns, but a few things need to be remembered:

  • In the case of animate nouns (animals and male persons) the accusative is always identical to the genitive, while in the case of inanimate objects the accusative is identical to the nominative.
  • After a soft consonant, the endings -om, -ov and -y are changed to -em, -ev, -e.
  • Animate nouns have the nominative plural ending -i instead of the ending -y/-e of inanimate nouns.

Four examples: brat „brother”, dom „house”, muž „man”, kraj „country”.

j.č.m.č.
1. pádbratbrati
4. pádbratabratov
2. pádbratabratov
3. pádbratubratam
7. pádbratombratami
6. pádbratubratah
5. pádbratebrati
Notes
  • The locative singular is where the Slavic languages differ most. The recommended ending is -u (i.e. the same as the dative), which in most languages occurs at least in some instances. Alternatively, it is also possible to use -ě after hard consonants and -i after soft consonants (e.g. bratě, muži).
  • In the vocative, k, g and h become č, ž and š before e: člověk → člověče, Bog → Bože.
  • Words on -ec have the vocative ending -če instead of the expected -cu: otec → otče.
  • Some nouns ending in a hard consonant have a soft consonant in scientific orthography, e.g. gosť „guest”, lěkaŕ „doctor, physician”. They can follow both the hard and the soft declension pattern: 2. pád m.č. gostov or gostev.
  • Words on -anin lose the morpheme -in- in the plural: 1. pád j.č. Slovjanin, 2. pád j.č. Slovjanina, but: 1. pád m.č. Slovjani, 2. pád m.č. Slovjanov.
  • There are a few words on -a denoting male persons, such as sluga „servant”, kolega „colleague”, sudja „judge”, etc. In the plural these are inflected like brat or muž, but in the singular, they follow the pattern of the second declension.

Declension of neuter nouns​

Neuter nouns end in -o (hard stems) or -e (soft stems). Except for the nominative/accusative and the genitive plural, their inflection is identical to that of inanimate masculine nouns. Please note:

  • The accusative is always identical to the nominative.
  • The nominative/accusative and instrumental singular are affected by the o/e rule.
  • As for the locative singular, what goes for masculine nouns goes also for neuter nouns: instead of -u, it is also possible to write -ě after a hard consonant or -i after a soft consonant.
  • Neuter nouns do not have a vocative separate from the nominative.
  • In the genitive plural, neuter nouns of the first declension have a zero ending -Ø. In cases when this leads to impossible consonant clusters, an -e- is inserted before -j or after a soft consonant, or an -o- between hard consonants: okno → okon, morje → morej.

There is also special group of neuter nouns with the ending -e (in scientific orthography: -ę), for example ime „name” (stem: imen-) and tele „calf” (stem: telęt-). It also includes a few words on -o, for example nebo „heaven” (stem: nebes-). In Old Church Slavonic they belonged to a special declension, which nowadays has vanished in most languages. They can be inflected as ordinary neuter nouns (as if their nominatives were imeno and teleto), they can also be declined according to the more archaic athematic declension.

Because we usually do not distinguish between ę and e, it is useful to remember that a noun ending in -e is always neuter, and as a rule of thumb, when this -e is preceded by:

  • m, then the root is -men-: ime, gen. imena
  • a hard consonant, then the root is -et-: tele, 2. pád teleta (noun of this group usually refer to children or young animals)
  • a soft consonant, then the root is -Ø-: morje, m.č. morja (in other words, an -o noun affected by the o/e rule)

For the rest, declension is always regular. Three examples: slovo „word”, morje „sea”, ime „name”.

j.č.m.č.
1. pádslovoslova
4. pádslovoslova
2. pádslovaslov
3. pádslovuslovam
7. pádslovomslovami
6. pádslovuslovah
5. pádslovoslova

Declension of feminine nouns​

Most feminine nouns have the ending -a and therefore belong to the second declension. Again, we distinguish between hard and soft stems. In the case of feminine nouns the differences between hard and soft declension are not merely a matter of applying the o/e rule. As a rule, the endings -y and -ě after a hard consonant become -e and -i after a soft consonant (in other words, they are „reversed”).

Just like in the case of neuter nouns, the zero ending in the genitive plural may require the insertion of a epenthetic vowel -e- or -o-.

A few words on -i belong to this group as well (for example pani, which is inflected as if the nominative singular were *panja).

The -a declension also includes a number of masculine nouns with the ending -a referring to male persons, like sluga „servant” and sudja „judge”. They are inflected like žena or zemja in the singular, but in the plural they follow the pattern of masculine animate nouns: 1. pád j.č. sluga, 2. pád j.č. slugy, 1. pád m.č. slugi, 2. pád m.č. slugov, etc.

Another group of feminine nouns are those ending in a consonant. They form the third declension. Most nouns of this category end in -ost.

Examples: žena „woman”, zemja „earth”, kost „bone”.

j.č.m.č.
1. pádženaženy
4. pádženuženy
2. pádženyžen
3. pádženěženam
7. pádženojuženami
6. pádženěženah
5. pádženoženy

Athematic declension​

Except for the regular declensions listed above, Old Church Slavonic also had another declension type, the so-called athematic declension. Nouns of this type have gone various ways in the modern Slavic languages, mostly merging into one or more of the regular declension types. Interslavic projects choose various approaches to this group, but some of them preserve it.

This declension type includes nouns of all three genders, but most numerous among them are neuter nouns. The following subtypes can be distinguished:

  • masculine nouns on -en, a tiny group including e.g. kamen „stone” and koren „root”
  • neuter nouns on -me/-men-, containing numerous nouns like ime „name”, rame „shoulder”, brěme „burden”
  • neuter nouns on -e/-et-, referring to children and young animals, e.g. tele „calf”, prase „piglet”
  • neuter nouns on -o/-es-, a group of only a few words, e.g. nebo „heaven”
  • feminine nouns on -ov, e.g. crkov „church”, mrkov „carrot”
  • feminine nouns on -i/-er-, containing only two nouns: mati „mother” and doči „daughter”
j.č.m.č.
1. pádkamenkameni
4. pádkamenkameni
2. pádkamenekamenev
3. pádkamenikamenam
7. pádkamenemkamenami
6. pádkamenikamenah
5. pádkamenkameni

The entire athematic declension can be avoided by inflecting these words according to the regular declensions, as most other Slavic languages do. In that case:

  • kamenj is inflected like an ordinary masculine noun (2. pád kamenja, 3. pád kamenju)
  • ime and tele are inflected like slovo, as if their nominatives were imeno and teleto: 2. pád imena, teleta, 3. pád imenu, teletu
  • nebo is inflected like slovo too (2. pád neba, 3. pád nebu)
  • crkov is inflected like kost (2. pád crkvi); instead of crkov, it is also possible to use the form crkva, which is inflected lke žena (2. pád crkvy, 3. pád crkvě)
  • mati is inflected like kost: 2. pád/3. pád materi

Irregular nouns​

Interslavic is kept as regular as possible, but a few cases of irregularity cannot be avoided without defying naturalism. The following nouns have an irregular plural (all four inflected like a feminine noun of the kost type):

  • člověk (m.r.) „human being, person”, m.č. ljudi „people”
  • děte (2. pád děteta or dětete) (s.r.) „child”, m.č. děti „children”
  • oko (s.r.) „eye”, m.č. oči „eyes”
  • uho (s.r.) „ear”, m.č. uši „ears”

Regular plurals (člověki, oka etc.) can be used as well, but some of them sound very strange to the Slavic ear, even though they will be understood anyway.

Indeclinable nouns​

Borrowed international vocabulary ending in -e, -i or -u (e.g. alibi, hobi, intervju, kafe, kakao, kliše, menju, tabu, taksi) and abbreviations are indeclinable. It is not impossible to add case endings anyway, but in that case, it is best to separate them from the noun with an apostrophe: togo alibi’a, te intervju’y, tyh taksi’ov, etc.

Právní informace
This article has been znovu publikováno with the permission of its original author, Jan van Steenbergen.